Shakyamuni Buddha Gave The Enlightenment Stupa To Abhedya

Arhat Abheda, or Abhedya, is one of the prominent sixteen Arhats in Vajrayana. He is acknowledged for his attribute, the Enlightenment Stupa (byan-chub mchod-rten), in his hands. According to a legend, the Shakyamuni Buddha gave the stupa to Abheda when the latter had gone to Mount Sumeru, an abode of yaksas. The Buddha gave the stupa to help Abhedya overcome the evil forces and menaces he would encounter. As a result, the Arhat was successful in teaching Dharma to the yaksas; hence, those spirits were liberated from the cycle of rebirth.

Devotees also believe that whoever sees, touches, or meditates on the enlightenment stupa will have all of their wishes fulfilled. That being will also possess the Trisiksha (the Three Trainings: Śīla, Samadhi, and Prajna), an important lesson to achieve enlightenment. Moreover, the same devotee will gain good fortune, merit, and all happiness as they will be cleansed of their bad karma accumulated through wrongdoings.

Who Are the Arhats in Vajrayana Buddhism?

In Vajrayana Buddhism, Arhats (Sanskrit: Sthavira, Tibetan: Drakpo) are considered enlightened beings who have attained spiritual liberation through their own efforts by adhering to the teachings of the Buddha. The term "Arhat" translates to "worthy one," having conquered attachment, desire, and ignorance and has moved beyond the cycle of samsara—birth, death, and rebirth. They play a crucial role in safeguarding the Buddha’s teachings and guiding future generations on the spiritual path. They serve as living examples, showcasing the transformative potential of the Buddha’s journey to enlightenment.

The Origin of Abheda Before His Arhatship

The great Sthavira Abhedya (Abheda or Subinda) was born in a wealthy Brahmin family in Rājagṛha, ancient India. His family was well-respected in their community. Abheda is described as having been born as a beautiful child; hence, he was named Mi-phyed-pa in Tibetan, which means 'Incomparable.' His birth was celebrated on a grand scale, with thanksgiving to the gods and a grand feast. Similarly, his father and mother made notable charity to the unprivileged. As expected, the beautiful boy grew up to be an extraordinary one. He was kind and compassionate and displayed a modest nature to everyone around him. He also became an accomplished scholar of the Four Vedas.

One day, a young Abheda met the Shakyamuni Buddha and sought ordination as he found faith in the latter. The Bhagavan duly initiated him, and the Brahmin became a fully ordained monk. He studied and practiced the Three Pitakas with an earnest approach and, in time, attained the rank of dgra-bcom-pa (enemy conqueror). The Buddha, too, praised him as "the one amongst my disciples who is the most compassionate of the compassionate." 

Iconography of Arhat Abheda in Vajrayana Arts

Arhat Abheda's iconography is rich in symbolism, reflecting his profound spiritual achievements and his role as a protector of the Dharma. Below are the key takeaways of his art depictions:

1. Seated Posture: Abhedya is often shown sitting in a meditative position, reflecting his profound contemplation and steadfast dedication to the Buddhist journey. This posture represents his achievement of inner peace and enlightenment.

2. Monastic Robes (Tricivara): Dressed in traditional monastic robes, Abheda's clothing represents his rejection of worldly attachments and commitment to the monastic lifestyle. The robes are typically shown with natural folds, reflecting the effortless discipline and spiritual calm he has developed over years of devoted practice.

3. The Enlightenment Stupa: A distinctive feature in Abheda's iconography is the stupa that he holds in his hands. This stupa represents his role as a protector of the Dharma and signifies his deep understanding of the Buddha's teachings. The stupa symbolizes the Buddha's presence and the path to enlightenment.

However, the difference in how the Enlightenment Stupa is held in Abheda's iconography can indeed be attributed to regional stylistic preferences and traditions within Buddhist art.

• Stupa in Right Hand: In Tibetan and Himalayan Buddhist art, it is a common practice to depict the Enlightenment Stupa being held in Abheda's right hand. The right hand is generally linked to active energy, blessings, and protection. This aligns with the Tibetan tradition, where Arhats, such as Abhedya, are frequently shown in a more dynamic and engaged way, actively sharing wisdom and teachings.
• Stupa in Both Hands: Meanwhile, in various East Asian Buddhist traditions, such as those found in China and Japan, Abheda is often depicted holding the Enlightenment Stupa with both hands. This gesture symbolizes receptivity, balance, and a full embodiment of the Dharma. The representation of holding the stupa with both hands typically signifies the complete protection and transmission of the teachings, highlighting a more contemplative and balanced approach.

4. Serene and Wise Expression: His facial expression is calm and composed, showcasing his mastery over emotions and a clear, focused mind. His slightly lowered gaze suggests deep wisdom, introspection, and a profound understanding of reality.

5. Presence of a Mountain or Natural Setting: Abheda is frequently shown in a mountainous setting, emphasizing his connection to ascetic traditions and solitary reflection. This backdrop represents his dwelling place, The Precious Cave of the Great Sage (Rin-po-che'byun-ba'i phug) on Mt. Gangs-can, near Shambhala, north of India.

6. Aura of Enlightenment: Like other enlightened beings, Abheda is often shown with a gentle aura or halo of light around his head or whole body. This glow symbolizes his spiritual purity, wisdom, and the enlightenment he has achieved through dedicated practice.

7. Symbolic Colors and Artistic Representation: His iconography typically showcases warm gold and earthy tones, symbolizing his spiritual refinement, profound connection to the Buddha’s teachings, and enlightened presence. The golden shades emphasize his status as a respected Arhat, with wisdom that radiates like a guiding light for practitioners.

8. Surrounded by a Retinue: Sthavira Subinda dwells in his precious cave with 1,000 Arhats, an example of his role as a spiritual leader and mentor. Hence, he is often depicted alongside some of his disciples in Vajrayana arts.

The symbolic iconography of Arhat Abhedya reminds us of the virtues of wisdom, serenity, and commitment to the Dharma. His tranquil demeanor and contemplative posture encourage practitioners to cultivate inner peace and mindfulness. The teachings and symbolism associated with him emphasize the countless advantages of selfless virtue, the importance of meditative practice, and the boundless generosity of the Sixteen Arhats.

Some Legends of Arhat Abheda After His Arhatship

A 16th-century Tibetan thangka depicting Arhat Abheda holding the Enlightenment Stupa in his both hands. (Photo by Rubin Museum)

It was during one of his days after his Arhatship that Arhat Abedha found his nephews being taught some non-Buddhist texts. He addressed his brother-in-law and convinced him that learning those texts yielded no value in the long term, while Buddha's lessons would lay the foundation for achieving perfection- the Buddhahood. Abhedya took it upon himself to teach his young nephews the lessons of Buddha and requested his brother-in-law to send the children to his abode. The head of the household, too, agreed and sent his sons to the holy grove the next day. However, the children were abducted on the midway by some evil robbers who had eyes upon those kids' ornaments and fine adornments.

Moreover, the robber initially planned to put the blame for the children's vanishment on Abheda, but the accompanying servants returned home quickly and informed the father. The distressed father went to the king of the land and pleaded for his sons' lives. The King ordered his son, the prince, to go and rescue the abducted children; however, the Prince deliberately went out late as he had some grudges with the father. Abheda learned about the situation during this stressful moment through his disciple gods. With his great power, he appeared before those robbers who were on their way to flee from the kingdom on a boat. Once again using his power, the Arhat stopped the boat; the robber pleaded for their lives and let go of the little boys.

The prince came to know of Abhedy's miraculous intervention while he was on his way to the incident spot. He was filled with admiration and faith for the Arhat, and he safely took the children home.

Similarly, in another tale, a king saw Abheda carrying out repairs on the temple in which he was residing. The respectful King asked if the bhikshu needed any help, but the selfless Arhat declined that luxury. The King then sought permission from the Shakyamuni Buddha to allot servants to serve the 'assembly of monks', so Subinda accepted some of the king's subjects as servants. In due time, it became necessary to separate the king's subjects who served him from the ones who served the monks. The two factions built separate dwellings in specified areas and lived there. One night, a band of robbers started to plunder the dwellings of the monk's servants. This time, too, the virtuous gods who were devotees of Arahant Abhedya, informed of the mishap to the Arhat. Abheda quickly decided to intervene and worked a miracle by making a strong wall that encircled the area where the monk's servants lived.

When the robbers tried to run away with their loot, they could not find their way out. In no time, they discovered that when they left behind those stolen goods, they could run out without the strong wall barrier rising. They tried to run away with the goods seven times, each time being engulfed by the mighty wall. The robbers soon realized that the obstruction was due to the wondrous power of a well-versed holy man trying to protect his subjects. They decided to leave the stolen goods behind in one heap and ran away.

When the monk's servants awoke, they discovered their lost goods piled on one side and became overjoyed. They were filled with gratitude and spread the Arhat's fame to all parts of the six great provinces of India.

Arhat Abheda's Legacy: Lessons for the Modern Seeker

Arhat Abheda's legacy provides meaningful insights for contemporary spiritual seekers, especially regarding wisdom, balance, and a deep commitment to the Dharma. The events of his life demonstrate that one's birth or caste is of no significance when you face the Buddha's teachings. His compassion emphasizes the significance of engaging with the world while embodying profound spiritual teachings. Similarly, his calm demeanor and focus on sharing wisdom remind us to nurture inner peace while actively pursuing enlightenment. His example illustrates that genuine spiritual growth necessitates personal dedication and readiness to impart knowledge and wisdom for the benefit of others.

His life further emphasizes the significance of moving beyond worldly attachments and societal norms. Abheda's example inspires contemporary seekers to nurture mindfulness and compassion in their everyday lives, showing that spiritual development involves not just personal insight but also the uplifting of others through generosity and guidance. By embodying these traits, Abhedya reminds us that enlightenment is not a solitary accomplishment, but a shared journey that necessitates both personal growth and selfless service to the greater good.