Kanaka Is Also Called The Raised Bowl Lohan

Arhat Kanaka Bharadvaja stands out as a luminous figure whose story has inspired practitioners for centuries in the vast tapestry of Buddhism. As a Sthavira, Kanaka symbolizes the highest level of spiritual achievement, along with the limitless compassion that frequently accompanies deep wisdom. Hence, he is revered among major Buddhist traditions, especially in Chinese Buddhist texts, where he is referred to as the "Raised Bowl Lohan." The raised bowl references Kanaka's life as an ascetic, going around begging for alms by raising his bowl each time. Lohan or Luohan in Chinese Buddhism is translated as Arhat.

This comprehensive blog post seeks to shed light on the life, legends, and spiritual contributions of the Arhat, Kanaka Bharadvaja. Explore his identity, the reasons for his veneration, and the spiritual teachings woven into his narrative. 

Who Is an Arhat? Understanding the Concept

The word “Arhat” (Sanskrit) or “Arahant” (Pāli) literally translates to “worthy one” or “one who is deserving of reverence.” They are the noble beings who attained Nirvana and broke free from the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth (samsara). As the early disciples of the Shakyamuni Buddha, they received Tathagata's direct lessons to attain enlightenment. Despite achieving Nirvana, the sixteen Arhats have chosen to wait for the future Buddha, Maitreya, by safeguarding Tathagata's precious teachings.

Key Characteristics of an Arhat

1. Eradication of Defilements: Arhats have extinguished the “three poisons” of greed, hatred, and delusion.

2. Absence of Future Rebirth: Having uprooted the causes of karma leading to rebirth, an Arhat will not be reborn in saṃsāra.

3. Embodiment of Ethical Conduct: Exemplary moral virtue is intrinsic to Arhatship.

4. Profound Wisdom (Prajñā): Arhats directly experience the nature of reality—impermanence (anicca), suffering (dukkha), and non-self (anattā).

Discover the identities of the sixteen Arhats and their legendary origins.

Kanaka Was a Noble-Born in Ancient India

In ancient India, the name “Bharadvāja” was associated with a prestigious Brahminical lineage. Kanaka's father was a wealthy Brahman dwelling in the ancient city of Shravasti but was distressed as he did not have any children to continue his clan. He also feared that the King of his land would take away all his wealth and belongings once he perished. However, one fine day, his wife informed him of her pregnancy, a piece of news that joyed the couple. It is said that the Mother possessed the Five Extraordinary Branches of Sublime Wisdom; hence, she knew immediately when she had conceived.

The elder Bharadvaja was so overjoyed that he took really good care of his companion, and in time, the couple welcomed a healthy and beautiful son. The young infant was born holding a gold coin in each of his hands, a result of his good karma. Each time the coins were removed, new ones miraculously appeared to replace the old ones. The coin-bearing infant grew up to be a fine young lad who was kind and compassionate. He was inclined towards charity and generously donated his gold coins to the impoverished and the monks. Soon, his fame of charity grew far and wide.

One day, the young Bharadvaja happened to travel to Jetavana, where Shakyamuni Buddha dwelled in a grove. He was touched by the divine figure and prostrated in reverence to the Buddha right away. After listening to the Bhagavan, Kanaka decided to serve the former and his monks a meal after being permissioned by Ananda. In order to meet the expenses of the meal, the young Bharadvaja produced many gold and silver coins from his hands. Then, the Buddha bestowed him a profound lesson - the State of Seeing.

Following his encounter with the Tathagata, Kanaka sought and received his parents' permission to leave home and be the Buddha's disciple. He also divided his wealth and possessions among his kinsmen and also made charitable donations. He was ordained by Sakyamuni and attained Arhatship.

The Meaning of "Kanaka"

“Kanaka” is a Sanskrit word that means “gold," hence his name. Gold is a symbo of something precious, radiant, and incorruptible. When prefixed to the name “Bharadvaja,” it transforms into Kanaka Bharadvaja, often rendered as “Golden Bharadvaja.”

Arhat Kanaka Bharadvaja, therefore, can be seen as representing a practitioner from the esteemed Therefore, Arhat Kanaka Bharadvaja can be seen as representing a practitioner from the esteemed Bharadvāja clan whose spiritual attainment shines gold—Bharadvāja clan whose spiritual attainment shines like gold—both pure and brilliant.

Iconography and Symbolism of Kanaka Bharadvaja

Arhat Kanaka Bharadvaja appears in many forms of Buddhist art, including thangkas and statues, particularly in traditions that highlight the significant qualities of Arhats. His visual depictions often embody symbolic meanings that represent his spiritual achievements and teachings.

1. A Majestic Posture: Arhat Kanaka is typically depicted sitting in a dignified and regal manner, radiating a sense of inner peace and mastery on the journey to enlightenment. This calm posture symbolizes his tranquility and the wisdom he has gained through his practice.
2. The Raised Bowl: One of the most distinctive features of his iconography is the alms bowl, often depicted in his hands or raised before him. This symbolizes his renunciation of worldly attachments, his humility, and his role as an embodiment of the Buddhist monastic life. The "raised bowl" further highlights his offering of spiritual nourishment to those seeking wisdom.
3. Calm and Enlightened Expression: His face usually shows a serene, calm expression, reflecting the inner peace that accompanies the understanding of the Dharma. This expression highlights Kanaka's profound enlightenment and the tranquility of mind that defines an Arhat.
4. Monastic Robes: Arhat Kanaka is typically depicted in the plain robes of a monk, which symbolize his detachment from material possessions and his commitment to the path of renunciation. These robes visually represent his dedication to a life characterized by simplicity and discipline.
5. Shaved Head: Like all Arhats, Kanaka Bharadvaja is depicted with a shaved head, a sign of his renunciation of vanity and attachment to worldly appearance. This symbol reflects his commitment to spiritual liberation and the rejection of ego-driven desires.
6. Mountain Setting or Sacred Space: In some depictions, he is shown with a mountainous or cave-like backdrop, suggesting his solitary meditation in a secluded environment, a common practice of Arhats. It is said that Kanaka dwells in Aparagodaniya, the western continent.
7. Accompanying Disciples or Devotees: Occasionally, Kanaka may be shown with a few disciples or devotees surrounding him, symbolizing his role in sharing the Dharma and guiding others on the path to liberation. This reflects his wisdom and compassionate desire to help others attain enlightenment. It is believed that he lives in Aparagodaniya with 700 other arhats. 

Symbolism and Meaning

The iconography of Arhat Kanaka Bharadvaja reminds practitioners of the path to enlightenment, emphasizing the values of humility, wisdom, and detachment. His depiction in Buddhist art serves as an inspiring example of a perfected being who has overcome the obstacles of samsara, embodying both the peace of a liberated mind and the compassion to guide others on their spiritual journey. Through his calm presence, Kanaka Bharadvaja's image encourages practitioners to cultivate inner peace, wisdom, and renunciation in their own pursuit of enlightenment.

Lessons From the Life of Kanaka Bharadvaja

The life of Arhat Kanaka teaches us valuable lessons about humility, wisdom, and spiritual commitment. As an Arahant and a respected disciple of the Buddha, he embodies the significance of renouncing worldly desires and attachments. His journey illustrates that true freedom is found not in pursuing material wealth or social status but in achieving inner peace through mindfulness and understanding. 

Kanaka's dedication to monastic life and his efforts in sharing the Dharma highlight the importance of self-discipline and a genuine desire to assist others on their spiritual journeys. His legacy inspires us to adopt a simpler lifestyle, prioritize our spiritual development, and show compassion to all living beings. Through his experiences, we come to realize that enlightenment involves not only personal liberation but also the responsibility to help others awaken with a spirit of humility and kindness.

1. Impermanence and the Nature of Reality

Looking into Arahant Kanaka's humble and kind beginnings, followers are urged to reflect on:

• The fleeting nature of worldly gains: Wealth, status, and even relationships are subject to decay.
• The necessity of spiritual wealth: True, lasting fulfillment arises from insight into reality rather than clinging to external forms.

2. The Practice of Compassion

Kanaka Bharadvaja is sometimes lauded for bridging personal liberation with bodhisattva-like compassion. His actions helps all sentient beings to emphasize the importance of non-discriminatory kindness, his approach is said to reflect compassion that arises naturally once the egoic self is transcended. It is also believed that invoking him creates opportunities to practice the six paramitas and grow along the Dharma path.

3. Moral Discipline and the Middle Way

Like other Arhats, Kanaka is depicted as strictly following the monastic code (vinaya), using discipline to overcome attachments. In various stories, he also highlights the Middle Way (madhyamāpratipad), teaching that both extreme asceticism and indulgent sensuality hinder true understanding.

Embracing the Wisdom of Kanaka Bharadvaja

Arhat Kanaka Bharadvaja serves as a powerful symbol of wisdom and compassion in the Buddhist tradition. Hailing from the Bharadvāja clan, which represents a noble Vedic heritage, his life story provides valuable insights for today’s spiritual seekers. His principles represent—impermanence, altruism, and ethical living, which are particularly relevant in our modern world.

His story also connects the early Buddhist focus on personal liberation with an emphasis on compassion and collective enlightenment. By depicting him with treasure boxes or golden offerings, he reminds us that the true wealth of the Dharma far exceeds any material possessions.

For those looking to enhance their practice, the tale of Kanaka Bharadvaja serves as both a source of inspiration and a valuable lesson. It encourages us to nurture the essential qualities that pave the way to liberation—such as compassion, insight, and ethical integrity—and to extend these gifts to others. By doing this, we honor the legacy of this esteemed Arhat, fulfilling his commitment to safeguard the Dharma and support all sentient beings until the arrival of the next Buddha.

Understand how the Sixteen Arhats became famous in Tibet on this link.