Dharmachakra Mudra Is Called the Mudra of teaching the Dharma

Arhat Panthaka makes Dharmachakra Mudra in his right hand, which has a profound meaning in the Vajrayana tradition. The right-hand grants grace to those devotees who see, touch, or meditate on it with pure intentions. It is said that such devotees will be blessed with wisdom, be in the divine presence of the Three Precious Refuges, eradicate wrong views, gain an opportunity to see a Buddha, or else never be without spiritual teachers who will instruct them on the path of Dharma. The devotee is also granted the grace to be mindful of the transmigratory existence's futility and turn away from it in revulsion. They will also be filled with the desire to embrace monkhood from their early youth in all their future existences and not be hindered from fulfilling that wish.

Those who diligently study, practice, and meditate upon the Three Pitakas by directing their prayers and worship to Mahapanthaka will gain all of their wishes. Such is the divine power of the great Sthavira. Similarly, those who see, touch, or come into contact with the volumes of his sacred book will acquire self-reliance and wisdom to comprehend the Dharma. The devotee will be able to erase demerits caused by irreligious actions and words. They will enjoy great leisure and opportunities to embrace and practice Buddha's teachings. These are the many virtues of praying on the great elder Panthaka's attributes.

Who Is an Arhat in Vajrayana Buddhism?

The term "Arhat" (Sanskrit: अरिहत्, Pali: Arahant) refers to someone who has achieved Nirvana, escaping the endless cycle of samsara—the ongoing process of birth, death, and rebirth. This respected title, which means "worthy one" or "venerable being," signifies their ultimate spiritual freedom. Often called Sthaviras, or "Noble Elders," these enlightened followers of Shakyamuni Buddha were among the first to reach awakening through their steadfast commitment to the Buddhist path.

Even though they have overcome worldly suffering, the legendary Sixteen Arhats have chosen to stay in the world, patiently waiting for the future Buddha, Maitreya. They aim to protect the Buddha’s teachings, ensuring that the Dharma is preserved and spread until Maitreya arrives. This selfless dedication underscores their profound compassion and steadfast determination to help others achieve enlightenment.

Early Life of Panthaka Before His Arhatship

The great Arhat Panthaka was born into a Brahman family in the ancient city of mNan-yod in India. However, his family had a history of suffering through child mortality. When his mother conceived him, she was deeply worried about her child's future being the same as her previous children. The Brahmani confided in a wise old woman who assured her that she would do her best to save the baby. When Panthaka was born, the old lady wrapped the infant in a white cloth, filled his mouth with melted butter, and made a young maid carry him to a busy crossroads, hoping to eliminate the misfortune. The maid was instructed to pay reverence to all monks and Brahmins who passed by until the sunset. If the child survived the day, she was ordered to bring him back home, and if he didn't survive, the maid was ordered to get rid of the corpse.

Accordingly, the maid took the infant and paid reverence to each monk and Brahman who passed by. In return, those ascetics blessed the child with a long life and prayed that he would fulfill his parents' desires. Throughout the day, the maid happened to pass through the grove of Shakyamuni Buddha, where he, too, blessed the infant. At sunset, the baby was still alive and was taken back home to the great joy of his birth givers. Hence, Panthaka survived his ill fate and grew up to be a learned scholar of the Four Vedas as a dedicated Brahman. He then taught hundreds of Brahman children about the Vedas and other branches of knowledge.

One day, he encountered Sāriputta and Maudgalyāyana (the two chief disciples of Shakyamuni Buddha) at the Jetavana grove. He was intrigued by the two ascetics who had renounced their high caste as Brahmans and found faith in Gautama Buddha. However, he was taken aback by another monk who gave him a lesson on the Buddha's teachings and later about the twelve interdependent qualities that together combine to produce all phenomena. He sought his ordination at that spot and later learned the Buddha's words with much zeal.

Iconography of Arhat Panthaka In Buddhist Art

Arhat Panthaka holds a significant place in Buddhist iconography, often depicted as a symbol of wisdom, meditation, and the transformative power of the Dharma. His artistic representations emphasize his role as a teacher and spiritual guide. Below are key aspects of his iconography:

1. Seated Posture: Arhat Panthaka is predominantly portrayed seated in a meditative stance. His seated position signifies deep contemplation and enlightenment.
2. Monastic Robes (Tricivara): He is clad in the simple yet dignified monastic robes of a Buddhist monk, symbolizing his renunciation of worldly attachments. The folds of the robes often flow naturally, representing the effortless discipline and serenity he has attained through his practice.
3. Sacred Book in Left Hand: The defining attribute of Arhat Panthaka is the sacred book he holds in his left hand. This book symbolizes his profound wisdom, mastery of the Dharma, and role in preserving and transmitting Buddha's teachings. It serves as a reminder of his deep understanding of Buddhist philosophy and his dedication to guiding others through knowledge.
4. Dharmachakra Mudra in Right Hand: With his right hand, Arhat Panthaka forms the Dharmachakra Mudra, the gesture of turning the Wheel of Dharma. This significant hand position represents the ongoing teaching and spread of the Buddha’s wisdom. It highlights his essential role as a preacher and interpreter of the Dharma, underlining his impact on the spiritual enlightenment of others.
5. Serene and Wise Expression: His facial expression is calm and composed, reflecting his mastery over emotions and his unwavering clarity of mind. His slightly downward gaze suggests deep thought, wisdom, and a profound understanding of the nature of existence.
6. Presence of a Mountain or Natural Setting: Mahapanthaka is frequently shown in a secluded, mountainous landscape, emphasizing his connection to meditation and solitary practice. This setting represents his dwelling place at the Heaven of the Thirty-Three on the summit of Mount Meru. It is the second heaven of the desire realm, where he spends his time in deep contemplation and peaceful retreatment, away from worldly distractions.
7. Surrounded by a Retinue: He is frequently shown with some Arhats among his group of 900 Arhats, highlighting his essential position as a leader among enlightened followers. This substantial entourage signifies his deep impact in disseminating the Dharma and his duty in guiding and mentoring fellow practitioners on their journey to liberation.
8. Aura of Enlightenment: Like other Arhats, he is often depicted with a subtle aura of light surrounding his head or entire body. This glow represents his spiritual purity, inner illumination, and the wisdom he has cultivated through his practice.
9. Symbolic Coloration: The artistic representation of Panthaka often incorporates hues of gold and earthy tones, symbolizing his spiritual refinement and connection to the Buddha’s teachings. The warm colors accentuate his enlightened presence and highlight his importance as a revered Arhat.

The iconography of Arhat Panthaka in Buddhist art powerfully illustrates his significance as a wise teacher and dedicated follower of the Dharma. His posture, meaningful gestures, and sacred objects all reflect his spiritual achievements and lasting presence as an enlightened figure. These artistic depictions continue to motivate practitioners on their journeys toward wisdom and liberation.

Conclusion: Panthaka Is A Legacy of Wisdom and Enlightenment

A mid-14th century Japanese thangka of Arhat Panthaka. (Photo by National Museum of Asian Art)

Arhat Panthaka’s legacy as one of the sixteen Arhats embodies deep wisdom, discipline, and a steadfast commitment to the Dharma. In Buddhist art, he is often depicted holding a sacred book in his left hand while performing the Dharmachakra Mudra with his right, symbolizing his dual role as a guardian and promoter of Buddhist teachings. Accompanied by a retinue of 900 Arhats, he is revered as a significant mentor who led many disciples on their journey to enlightenment. His narrative serves as a powerful reminder that wisdom transcends mere knowledge; it must be nurtured through personal experience and meditative insight. Panthaka’s life underscores the significance of self-discipline, ongoing learning, and mindful practice in the pursuit of liberation. His portrayal in tranquil, natural environments reflects his profound connection to meditative solitude, emphasizing that inner peace is a product of spiritual dedication. 

The teachings and imagery associated with Arhat Panthaka continue to motivate Buddhist practitioners, showcasing the harmony between study and practice. His life is a testament to the transformative potential of the Dharma and the duty of those who gain wisdom to share it for the greater good. His lasting impact serves as a reminder to seekers that genuine enlightenment is attained through perseverance, insight, and a steadfast commitment to the path of liberation.